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National Endowment for the Arts Artists and Art Workers in the Us

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Independent agency of the United States federal government

National Endowment for the Arts
National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Logo 2018 Square on Black.svg
Agency overview
Formed 1965
Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States
Headquarters Constitution Center, Washington, D.C.
Annual upkeep $162,250,000 USD (2020)
Agency executive
  • Maria Rosario Jackson, Chairman[1]
Website arts.gov

The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) is an independent agency of the The states federal government that offers back up and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence.[2] Information technology was created by an act of the U.S. Congress in 1965 as an independent bureau of the federal regime. The agency was created by an act of the U.S. Congress and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 29, 1965 (twenty United statesC. 951).[3] The foundation consists of the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Federal Quango on the Arts and the Humanities, and the Found of Museum and Library Services.

The NEA has its offices in Washington, D.C. It was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995, as well as the Special Tony Award in 2016.[4] In 1985, the Arts Endowment won an honorary Oscar from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for its work with the American Film Constitute in the identification, acquisition, restoration and preservation of historic films.[5] Additionally, in 2016 and again in 2017, the National Endowment for the Arts received Emmy nominations from the Television Academy in the Outstanding Curt Form Nonfiction or Reality Serial category.[6]

History and Purpose [edit]

The National Endowment for the Arts was created during the term of President Lyndon B. Johnson nether the full general auspices of the Smashing Society. According to historian Karen Patricia Heath, "Johnson personally was not much interested in the conquering of knowledge, cultural or otherwise, for its ain sake, nor did he have time for art appreciation or meeting with artists."[7]

The NEA is "dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established; bringing the arts to all Americans; and providing leadership in arts education".[2]

Grants [edit]

Between 1965 and 2008, the agency has made in excess of 128,000 grants, totaling more than $5 billion. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an almanac funding of betwixt $160 and $180 million. In 1996, Congress cut the NEA funding to $99.5 one thousand thousand as a effect of pressure level from conservative groups, including the American Family Clan, who criticized the agency for using tax dollars to fund highly controversial artists such as Barbara DeGenevieve, Andres Serrano, Robert Mapplethorpe, and the performance artists known equally the "NEA Four". Since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of $146.21 meg.[eight] For FY 2010, the budget reached the level it was at during the mid-1990s at $167.5 million[9] but fell once again in FY 2011 with a budget of $154 million.[9]

Governance [edit]

The NEA is governed past a chairman nominated by the president to a iv-year term and subject to congressional confirmation.[10] The NEA's advisory commission, the National Council on the Arts, advises the Chairman on policies and programs, as well as reviewing grant applications, fundraising guidelines, and leadership initiative. This trunk consists of 14 individuals appointed by the President for their expertise and noesis in the arts, in addition to vi ex officio members of Congress who serve in a non-voting chapters.[11]

Grantmaking [edit]

The NEA offers grants in the categories of: 1) grants for arts projects, 2) national initiatives, and iii) partnership agreements. Grants for arts projects support exemplary projects in the field of study categories of artist communities, arts pedagogy, trip the light fantastic, design, folk and traditional arts, literature, local arts agencies, media arts, museums, music, musical theater, opera, presenting (including multidisciplinary fine art forms), theater, and visual arts. The NEA also grants private fellowships in literature to creative writers and translators of exceptional talent in the areas of prose and poetry.

The NEA has partnerships in the areas of land and regional, federal, international activities, and design. The state arts agencies and regional arts organizations are the NEA's chief partners in serving the American people through the arts. Twoscore percent of all NEA funding goes to the country arts agencies and regional arts organizations. Additionally, the NEA awards 3 Lifetime Honors: NEA National Heritage Fellowships to primary folk and traditional artists, NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships to jazz musicians and advocates, and NEA Opera Honors to individuals who have made extraordinary contributions to opera in the U.s.a.. The NEA also manages the National Medal of Arts, awarded annually by the President.

Relative scope of funding [edit]

Creative person William Powhida has noted that "in one single auction, wealthy collectors bought virtually a billion dollars in contemporary art at Christie's in New York." He further commented: "If y'all had a 2 pct revenue enhancement just on the auctions in New York you could probably double the NEA budget in ii nights."[12]

Lifetime honors [edit]

The NEA is the federal bureau responsible for recognizing outstanding achievement in the arts. It does this by awarding three lifetime accomplishment awards. The NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships are awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the art of jazz. The NEA National Heritage Fellowships are awarded for artistic excellence and accomplishments for American's folk and traditional arts. The National Medal of Arts is awarded by the President of the United states of america and NEA for outstanding contributions to the excellence, growth, back up, and availability of the arts in the United states.

Controversy [edit]

1981 attempts to abolish [edit]

Upon entering office in 1981, the incoming Ronald Reagan administration intended to push button Congress to abolish the NEA completely over a three-year period. Reagan'south first director of the Office of Management and Upkeep, David A. Stockman, thought the NEA and the National Endowment for the Humanities were "practiced [departments] to just bring to a halt because they went also far, and they would be easy to defeat." Another proposal would have halved the arts endowment upkeep. Withal, these plans were abandoned when the President's special job force on the arts and humanities, which included close Reagan allies such as conservatives Charlton Heston and Joseph Coors, discovered "the needs involved and benefits of past assistance," concluding that continued federal support was of import. Frank Hodsoll became the chairman of the NEA in 1981, and while the department's budget decreased from $158.eight million in 1981 to $143.5 meg, by 1989 it was $169.one 1000000, the highest it had ever been.[13] [14] [15]

1989 objections [edit]

In 1989, Donald Wildmon of the American Family unit Clan held a press conference attacking what he chosen "anti-Christian bigotry," in an exhibition by photographer Andres Serrano. The work at the center of the controversy was Piss Christ, a photograph of a plastic crucifix submerged in a vial of an bister fluid described by the artist as his own urine.[16] Republican Senators Jesse Helms and Al D'Amato began to rally against the NEA, and expanded the set on to include other artists. Prominent conservative Christian figures including Pat Robertson of the 700 Lodge and Pat Buchanan joined the attacks. Republican representative Dick Armey, an opponent of federal arts funding, began to assault a planned exhibition of photographs past Robert Mapplethorpe at the Corcoran Museum of Fine art that was to receive NEA back up.

On June 12, 1989, The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition, maxim that information technology did not want to "adversely bear upon the NEA's congressional appropriations." The Washington Project for the Arts afterward hosted the Mapplethorpe show. The cancellation was highly criticized and in September, 1989, the Director of the Corcoran gallery, Christina Orr-Cahill, issued a formal statement of apology saying, "The Corcoran Gallery of Art in attempting to defuse the NEA funding controversy past removing itself from the political spotlight, has instead found itself in the centre of controversy. By withdrawing from the Mapplethorpe exhibition, we, the lath of trustees and the director, accept inadvertently offended many members of the arts community which nosotros deeply regret. Our grade in the future volition be to support art, artists and freedom of expression."[17]

Democrat representative Pat Williams, chairman of the House subcommittee with jurisdiction over the NEA reauthorization, partnered with republican Tom Coleman to codify a compromise bill to save the Endowment. The Williams-Coleman substitute increased funding to states arts councils for new programs to expand access to the arts in rural and inner metropolis areas, leave the obscenity conclusion to the courts, and altered the composition of the review panels to increase diverseness of representation and eradicate the possibility of conflicts of interest.[18] After tearing contend, the language embodied in the Williams-Coleman substitute prevailed and subsequently became law.[nineteen]

Though this controversy inspired congressional argue about appropriations to the NEA, including proposed restrictions on the content of NEA-supported work and their grantmaking guidelines, efforts to defund the NEA failed.[20]

1990 performance artists vetoed [edit]

Bourgeois media continued to set on private artists whose NEA-supported work was deemed controversial. The "NEA Four", Karen Finley, Tim Miller, John Fleck, and Holly Hughes, were performance artists whose proposed grants from the United States regime's National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) were vetoed past John Frohnmayer in June 1990. Grants were overtly vetoed on the basis of subject affair later the artists had successfully passed through a peer review process. The artists won their case in court in 1993 and were awarded amounts equal to the grant money in question, though the case would make its way to the The states Supreme Court in National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley.[21] The case centered on subsection (d)(i) of 20 U.S.C. § 954 which provides that the NEA Chairperson shall ensure that artistic excellence and artistic merit are the criteria past which applications are judged. The court ruled in 524 U.Due south. 569 (1998), that Section 954(d)(1) is facially valid, as it neither inherently interferes with First Amendment rights nor violates constitutional vagueness principles.

1995–1997 congressional attacks [edit]

The 1994 midterm elections cleared the way for Firm Speaker Newt Gingrich to pb a renewed set on on the NEA. Gingrich had called for the NEA to exist eliminated completely along with the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Corporation for Public Dissemination. While some in Congress attacked the funding of controversial artists, others argued the endowment was wasteful and elitist.[22] However, despite massive budget cutbacks and the cease of grants to individual artists, Gingrich ultimately failed in his push button to eliminate the endowment.

Proposed defunding [edit]

The budget outline submitted by then-president Donald Trump on March 16, 2017, to Congress would eliminate all funding for the program.[23] [24] Congress approved a budget that retained NEA funding. The White House budget proposed for fiscal year 2018 again called for elimination of funding, but Congress retained the funding for another year.[25]

Chairpeople [edit]

  • 1965–1969 Roger Fifty. Stevens, appointed past Lyndon B. Johnson
  • 1969–1977 Nancy Hanks, appointed past Richard M. Nixon
  • 1977–1981 Livingston 50. Biddle, Jr., appointed past Jimmy Carter
  • 1981–1989 Frank Hodsoll, appointed by Ronald Reagan
  • 1989–1992 John Frohnmayer, appointed by George H. West. Bush
  • 1993–1997 Jane Alexander, appointed by Bill Clinton
  • 1998–2001 Bill Ivey, appointed by Nib Clinton
  • 2002 Michael P. Hammond, appointed by George West. Bush
  • 2002–2003 Eileen Beth Mason, Acting Chairman, appointed by George W. Bush
  • 2003–2009 Dana Gioia, appointed by George W. Bush-league
  • 2009 Patrice Walker Powell, Acting Chairman, appointed by Barack Obama[26] [27]
  • 2009–2012 Rocco Landesman, appointed by Barack Obama[28] [29] [30]
  • 2012–2014 Joan Shigekawa, Acting Chairman[31]
  • 2014–2018[32] R. Jane Chu, appointed by Barack Obama[33] [34]
  • 2019–2021[35] Mary Anne Carter, appointed by Donald Trump[36]
  • 2021–Present[37] Maria Rosario Jackson, appointed by Joe Biden.[38]

Nancy Hanks (1969–77) [edit]

Nancy Hanks served as the second Chairman of the NEA (1969-1977) She was appointed by President Richard Nixon, continuing her service under Gerald Ford. During her 8-year tenure, the NEA's funding increased from $viii million to $114 million.[ citation needed ]

According to Elaine A. King:

Nancy Hanks perhaps was able to accomplish her mission considering she functioned as a type of benevolent art dictator rather than mucking with multiple agendas and political red-record. From 1969 through 1977, under Hanks' assistants, the Arts Endowment functioned like a fine piece of oiled machinery. Hanks continuously obtained the requested essential appropriations from Congress because of her genius in implementing the power of the lobby organization. Although she had not had direct administrative experience in the federal authorities, some people were skeptical at the beginning of her term. Those in doubt underestimated her bureaucratic astuteness and her ability to direct this complex cultural office. Richard Nixon's early endorsement of the arts benefited the Arts Endowment in several means. The upkeep for the Arts Endowment not only increased only also more federal funding became available and numerous programs within the agency.[39]"

See besides [edit]

  • National Endowment for the Humanities
  • National Heritage Fellowship
  • National Medal of Arts winners
  • NEA Jazz Masters
  • New York City Department of Cultural Affairs

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ www.whitehouse.gov
  2. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts. "Nearly U.s.". Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved March xiii, 2009.
  3. ^ "United states of americaC. Championship 20 - Instruction". www.govinfo.gov . Retrieved 2020-10-02 .
  4. ^ "The 2016 Tony Awards: Winners". Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  5. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts wins Honorary Oscar".
  6. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts: Us of Arts".
  7. ^ Karen Patricia Heath, "Artistic scarcity in an historic period of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Dandy Order liberalism." European Journal of American Culture 36.ane (2017): 5-22. online
  8. ^ [1] [ expressionless link ]
  9. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts Appropriations History, NEA
  10. ^ Patricia Cohen (August 7, 2013) Vacancies Hamper Agencies for Arts New York Times.
  11. ^ National Council on the Arts Archived 2010-12-sixteen at the Wayback Motorcar, nea.gov Archived 2008-11-06 at the Wayback Motorcar
  12. ^ Neda Ulaby (Managing director) (2014-05-15). "In Pricey Cities, Being A Bohemian Starving Artist Gets Erstwhile Fast". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2014-05-31 .
  13. ^ William H. Honan (May xv, 1988). "Book Discloses That Reagan Planned To Kill National Endowment for Arts". New York Times.
  14. ^ Gioia, Dana (17 Feb 2017). "For the umpteenth time, the National Endowment for the Arts deserves its funding". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  15. ^ "Frank Hodsoll, NEA chairman who championed arts under Reagan, dies at 78". Washington Post . Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  16. ^ Paul Monaco (2000). Agreement Gild, Civilisation, and Goggle box. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 100. ISBN978-0-275-97095-half-dozen.
  17. ^ Quigley, Margaret. "The Mapplethorpe Censorship Controversy". PublicEye.org/Political Enquiry Associates. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  18. ^ Kresse, Mary Ellen (January 1, 1991). "Turmoil at the National Endowment for the Arts: Can Federally Funded Act Sur unded Human activity Survive the "Mapplethorpe Contr e the "Mapplethorpe Controversy" ?". Buffalo Law Review: 44 – via Digital Commons.
  19. ^ Parachini, Changed NEA Likely Even Without Content Rules, 50.A. Times, Oct. 29, 1990 Online
  20. ^ C. Carr, Timeline of NEA 4 events, franklinfurnace.org
  21. ^ National Endowment for the Arts 5. Finley, 524 U.S. 569, (1998).
  22. ^ Hughes, Robert (August vii, 1995). "Pulling the Fuse on Civilization". TIME. Archived from the original on October nine, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  23. ^ Naylor, Brian (March xvi, 2017). "Trump Budget Cuts Funding For Arts, Humanities Endowments And Corporation For Public Broadcasting". NPR . Retrieved March xx, 2017.
  24. ^ McPhee, Ryan (March 16, 2017). "Trump Administration'south Budget Proposal Eliminates National Endowment for the Arts". Playbill . Retrieved March twenty, 2017.
  25. ^ National Endowment for the Arts Update: Trump FY2018 Budget Proposal Calls for Elimination of NEA Funding
  26. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts Announces New Acting Chairman" Archived 2009-04-04 at the Wayback Machine, NEA printing release dated February 2, 2009 at NEA website.
  27. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Saving Federal Arts Funds: Selling Culture as an Economical Force," New York Times, Feb sixteen, 2009.
  28. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Producer Is Called to Atomic number 82 Arts Endowment", New York Times, May 13, 2009.
  29. ^ Davi Napoleon, "Mr. Landesman Goes to Washington" Archived 2009-07-13 at the Wayback Auto, The Faster Times, June 13, 2009.
  30. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Rocco Landesman Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts", New York Times, August 7, 2009.
  31. ^ "Statement from National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Rocco Landesman". The National Endowment for the Arts. Nov twenty, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  32. ^ "Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term as NEA Chair on June 4, 2018 | NEA". www.arts.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-05-03.
  33. ^ "Jane Chu confirmed as NEA Chairman after position had been vacant for a year". The Washington Post. July 12, 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  34. ^ "Jane Chu Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts". Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  35. ^ "Mary Anne Carter". NEA. 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2020-06-xv .
  36. ^ "Mary Anne Carter Confirmed by Senate as Chairman of National Endowment for the Arts". NASAA . Retrieved 2019-08-06 .
  37. ^ "Maria Rosario Jackson". NEA. 2022-02-17.
  38. ^ "Senate confirms Biden's selection for the National Endowment for the Arts". NEA . Retrieved 2022-02-17 .
  39. ^ Elaine A. King,"Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Force"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).

Sources [edit]

  • Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term every bit NEA Chair on June iv, 2018
  • National Endowment for the Arts (2000). The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. OCLC 52401250. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-05-24 .

Further reading [edit]

  • Arian, Edward. The Unfulfilled Hope: Public Subsidy of the Arts in America (1993)
  • Bridegroom, Stephen, ed. Public Money and the Muse: Essays on Government Funding for the Arts (1991)
  • Binkiewicz, Donna M. "Directions in arts policy history." Journal of Policy History 21.4 (2009): 424–430.
  • Binkiewicz, Donna M. Federalizing the Muse: United States Arts Policy and the National Endowment for the Arts, 1965–1980, (U of Due north Carolina Press, 2004) 312pp., ISBN 0-8078-2878-five.
  • Cowen, Tyler. Adept and plenty: The creative successes of American arts funding (Princeton Upward< 2009).
  • Heath, Karen Patricia. "Artistic scarcity in an age of material abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Society liberalism." European Journal of American Culture 36.i (2017): 5-22. online
  • Jensen, Richard. "The civilization wars, 1965-1995: A historian'south map." Periodical of Social History (1995): 17–37. online
  • Kammen, Michael. "Culture and the State in America." Journal of American History 83.3 (1996): 791–814. online
  • King,Elaine A. "Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Forcefulness"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).
  • Levy, Alan Howard. Authorities and the arts: Debates over federal back up of the arts in America from George Washington to Jesse Helms (UP of America, 1997).
  • Love, Jeffrey. "Sorting out our roles: The state arts agencies and the national endowment for the arts." Journal of Arts Management and Police 21.3 (1991): 215–226.
  • Lowell, Julia F. "State Arts Agencies 1965-2003. Whose Interests to Serve?: (RAND Newspaper No. RAND/MG-121. RAND CORP, 2004). online
  • Marquis, Alice Goldfarb. Art lessons: Learning from the ascent and fall of public arts funding (1995).
  • NEA. National Endowment for the Arts: a brief history, 1965-2006: an excerpt --the beginning through the Hanks era (1986) Online free
  • Ottley, Gary, and Richard Hanna. "Practise consumers know plenty to assess the truthful value of art? A study of beliefs and attitudes toward the NEA." Journal of Public Affairs xviii.two (2018): e1654.
  • Schuster, J. Mark. "Sub-national cultural policy--where the action is: Mapping state cultural policy in the U.s.a.." International periodical of cultural policy 8.2 (2002): 181–196.
  • Uy, Michael Sy. Ask the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music, (Oxford Academy Press, 2020) 270pp.

Primary sources [edit]

  • Alexander, Jane. Command Performance: an Extra in the Theater of Politics. (Public Affairs, 2000) Chairman of the NEA 1993-1997
  • Biddle, Livingston. Our government and the arts: A perspective from the within (1988), drafted NEA legislation; senior NEA official
  • Frohnmayer, John. Leaving Town Alive: Confessions of an Arts Warrior (1992) NEA Chairman 1989 to 1992
  • Directly, Michael. Nancy Hanks: an intimate portrait: the creation of a national delivery to the arts. (1988) Nancy Hanks was NEA Chairman 1969–77; Michael Straight was her deputy chairman.
  • National Endowment for the Arts. The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17.

External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities in the Federal Annals
  • publications by and about NEA online gratis
  • NEA Small Printing Collection From the Rare Book and Special Collections Sectionalization at the Library of Congress

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts

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